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什么是脑震荡?
What Is A Concussion?
什么是脑震荡?
If you follow football, hockey, soccer, or boxing, then you know that athletes in these and other contact sports are at constant risk for a concussion. Every season several football players miss a number of games after absorbing vicious blows to the head.
如果你喜欢橄榄球、橄榄球、足球或是拳击运动，那么你就会很清楚这些以及其他接触性运动中的运动员常处于脑震荡的危险境地。每个赛季都有数名橄榄球运动员由于头部遭受剧烈冲击而缺席接下来的一系列赛事。
Blow To The Head
头部撞击
A concussion is a blow to the head that can result in temporary confusion, amnesia, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness.
脑震荡是头部受到撞击而导致的，可能造成暂时性思维混乱，失忆，呕吐，眩晕，视觉模糊以及失去意识。
Although a single concussion does not appear to result in structural brain damage or swelling of the brain, repeated concussions can cause both.
尽管一次脑震荡不会导致大脑结构性损伤或导致脑水肿，但是数次脑震荡可能引起上述两种情况同时出现。
What Causes A Concussion?
造成脑震荡的原因
Concussions are caused in one of two ways: either by the head hitting a hard surface, or by the head spinning suddenly. Take, for example, a common incident during a football game. The quarterback is hit, falls backwards, and bangs his head on the turf.
造成脑震荡的原因不外乎是这两种中的一种：头部撞到硬物，或者头部突然旋转。以橄榄球赛比较普遍的事件为例，四分卫触地得分，朝后方倒下，其头部就会猛烈撞击到草坪上。
Although his skull stops suddenly upon impact, his brain, floating in cerebral fluid, keeps moving and hits the skull. Similarly, when a boxer gets hit in the head with a right hook, his head twists violently. The skull stops moving, but the brain keeps shaking for a few moments and may brush the skull.
尽管他的头骨在受到冲击时瞬间会保持不动，但是他大脑内的脑脊液仍然在晃动并不断撞击头骨。同样的，当一名拳击手头部受到一记右勾拳时，他的脑袋瞬间剧烈扭转。头骨停止移动，但是脑浆却还会震动一会儿，并有可能摩擦到头骨。
Chemical Imbalance
化学失衡
The result is a chemical imbalance in the brain. All the neurotransmitters in the damaged area fire simultaneously, causing an overload of chemicals that impair receptors involved in learning and memory. The flood of chemicals also constricts arteries, making it difficult for the damaged cells to get the nutrients they need to recover.
结果是脑部化学失衡。所有受损区域的神经传递素同时作用，造成脑内化学物质超负荷运转，从而损坏学习与记忆的神经元。化学物质过多也会引起动脉收缩，导致大脑受损细胞难以吸收到利于复原的营养物质。
Because the brain can take as long as several weeks to recover from a concussion, it’s a good idea to take a break from contact sports if you’ve had one.
由于脑部需要长达数周的时间来恢复脑震荡带来的损伤，如果你脑部受到撞击最好还是休息一段时间再继续参加此类接触性运动。
什么引起你嗓子哽咽?
What Causes A Lump In Your Throat?
什么引起嗓子哽咽?
Often times when we cry, we feel a lump in the throat. Does a lump actually form, or is there some other explanation?
很多时候，当我们哭泣时，我们会感到哽咽。难道是真的在喉咙中形成了块状物?或是有其它的解释?
Explanation
解释
The lump-like thing we feel when overcome by emotion has to do with how the nervous system deals with stress. The part of the nervous system that handles stress is called the autonomic nervous system. It controls bodily functions that we do not consciously control, such as digesting food and pumping blood through the heart. However, the autonomic nervous system is also important in dealing with emotional states.
我们被情绪占据时所感受到的结块一样的东西与神经系统处理紧张的方式有关。神经系统中处理紧张的部分叫作自主神经系统。它能控制我们无意识地去控制的一些身体功能，比如消化食物和心脏泵血。但是，自主神经系统却在处理情绪状态时非常重要。
When an animal encounters a stressful situation, its autonomic nervous system kicks in to allow it to either fight or run away. It does this by increasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the necessary muscles. The same applies to humans. Even when we experience emotions such as grief or sorrow, the autonomic nervous system responds as it would to anger or fear by increasing the flow of oxygen through the body.
当动物面临紧张情境时，自主神经系统开始起作用，使动物选择战斗或是逃跑。这是通过增加输送至必要部位肌肉的血流和氧气来实现的。同样的情况也适用于人类。即使我们怀揣着悲伤或伤感这类情绪时，自主神经系统也能作出响应，一如它在处理愤怒和恐惧那样增加全身的氧气输送量。
Oxygen Intake
氧气摄入
To increase oxygen intake, the autonomic nervous system makes us breath faster, and expands the glottis, the opening in the throat that allows air to flow from the larynx to the lungs. The expansion of the glottis in and of itself does not create a lumpy feeling, until we try to swallow. Since swallowing involves closing the glottis, this works against the muscles that open the glottis in response to crying. We experience the resulting muscle tension as a lump in the throat.
为了增加氧气的吸入量，自主神经系统促使我们呼吸加快，同时使声门(喉管中气流进入肺部的开口处)扩张。除非我们进行吞咽动作，不然声门的扩张本身不会让我们产生哽咽的感觉。因为吞咽涉及到声门的关闭，这与哭泣时开启声门的肌肉响应动作相反。这时我们感觉到肌肉紧张，也就是喉中哽咽的感觉。
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