托福阅读长难句分析方法
托福阅读的难点之一就是长难句，能否快速分析出长难句是托福阅读提升做题速度的关键。接下来，一起来看看小编为大家带来的托福阅读长难句分析方法汇总。
托福阅读长难句分析方法汇总
一.托福阅读长难句分析方法之同位语
所谓同位语，顾名思义，就是起重复性解释作用的成分。在托福阅读中遇到同位语最佳的处理方法就是删除同位语，从而更好地理解。关于同位语的识别，一般都是以A, B的形式出现，例如，the president of USA, Trump，关于删除方法，则以保留最简单的表达为删除原则。
二.托福阅读长难句分析方法之插入语
所谓插入语就是不影响句子含义和结构的插入成分。常见的插入语有that is, that is to say, what’s more, to tell you the truth, frankly speaking等，处理插入语的最佳办法就是删除。
三.托福阅读长难句分析方法之定语
定语的“定”主要指限定，形容词、名词、介词短语等都可以作定语，来修饰、限定名词。
英语中也可以用一个句子来修饰、限定一个名词(或者名词词组、句子)，这样的句子叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词(词组、句子)叫做先行词，连接定语从句和主句的叫做关系词，即that。关系词分为两类，关系代词(that which who whom whose)和关系副词(when where why)，关系词在从句中起三个作用——指代前面先行词，连接从句和主句，在定语从句中作成分。
前置定语的识别：adj. + n. (比较容易判断)
后置定语的识别：形容词短语(adj. + prep. + n./prep.)
e.g. A book useful for your management
一本有助你进行管理的书。
介词短语(prep. + n./pron.)
分词短语(ving/ved + prep. + n./pron.)
e.g. A person walking on the road.
动词不定式(to do sth.)
e.g. A way to solve the problem.
表语形容词(alike, alive, alone)
注：不定代词只能用后置定语修饰
四.托福阅读长难句分析方法之状语
首先需要强调的是状语修饰非名词，状语的位置比较随意。可以充当状语的成分比较多，有副词，e.g. He secretly decided to leave the room.
介词短语e.g. We have friends all over the world.
不定式(短语)I went there to see my grandmother.
分词(短语)现在分词e.g. Being a poor teacher, he can’t afford to buy a car.
过去分词e.g. He entered, accompanied by his son.
形容词e.g. He said nothing but sat silent smoking.
词组e.g. I shall stay another five months.
复合结构e.g. It being a holiday, the library isn’t open.
从句e.g. Next time you come in, please close the door.
有的时候名词也可以作状语e.g. We’ve been waiting hours waiting for you.
加快托福阅读速度的四步骤 首段第一句很重要
快速的技巧在于每一段的第一句。想想，考试中的每篇文章都是经过千锤百炼的，而好的文章都有一个很好的思路，这种思路经常体现在文章段落的第一句。所以，从理论上来说，你只需阅读文章每个段落的第一句，而不必顾及段落的其他内容。既然，考试不以你对文章的理解计分(而是以你答案对错计分)，你没有理由去关注那些对你答题没有帮助的内容。
只读文章段落中的第一句，你就可以对作者的思路有一个大致的把握。这样可以帮你节约时间，而将更多的时间花在回答问题上。
攻克的4步法
前面我们告诉你如何处理阅读理解文章的6个策略和阅读理解的3种题型，现在我们告诉你在做阅读题时该如何运用这些策略和技巧：
1、解剖文章的第1段;
2、在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图;
3、停下来，总结一下文章大意;
4、开始答题。
解剖文章的第1段
积极主动地解读文章的第1段，时尽量记住作者提出的问题(现象或观点)，和一些与文章内容相关的概念和词汇，如这篇文章讲的是印第安人风俗，光电子显像镜还是讽刺文学。文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?
在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图
在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。
停下来，总结一下文章大意
在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章的思路和主题。
开始答题
根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。这里，你可以比第2个步骤更仔细。
托福阅读真题1
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.
The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.
Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which the plover escapes is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away from the true nest.
The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance, seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the useless wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey. Needless to say, each short run between flight attempts is directed away from the nest.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers
(B) How predators search for plovers
(C) The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators
(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators
2. The word merely in fine 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) often
(B) only
(C) usually
(D) at first
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?
(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.
(B) They are generally defenseless when away from their nests.
(C) They are slow to react in dangerous situations.
(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.
4. The word emitting in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) bringing
(B) attracting
(C) producing
(D) minimizing
5. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2, the plover tries to
(A) stay close to her nest
(B) attract the predator's attention
(C) warn other plovers of danger
(D) frighten the approaching predator
6. The word spanning in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) covering
(B) selecting
(C) developing
(D) explaining
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the
appearance that it is frightened?
(A) Abnormal body position
(B) Irregular escape route
(C) Unnatural wing movement
(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest
8. The word pursue in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) catch
(B) notice
(C) defend
(D) chase
9. According to the passage , a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques
EXCEPT
(A) appearing to be injured
(B) sounding like another animal
(C) pretending to search for prey
(D) pretending to sit on her eggs
10. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage ?
(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building
(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples
(C) A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground nesting birds
(D) A cause-and-effect analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator
PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB
托福阅读真题2
What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish — for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.
1. Which of the following questions does the passage primarily answer?
(A) How do individual ants adapt to specialized tasks?
(B) What are the differences between social and solitary insects?
(C) Why are ants predators?
(D) Why have ants been able to thrive for such a long time?
2. The word unique in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) inherited
(B) habitual
(C) singular
(D) natural
3. The word rotting in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) decaying
(B) collected
(C) expanding
(D) cultivated
4. The word key in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) uncommon
(B) important
(C) incidental
(D) temporary
5. According to the passage , one thing eusocial insects can do is rapidly switch from
(A) one type of food consumption to another
(B) one environment to another
(C) a solitary task to a group task
(D) a defensive to an offensive stance
6. The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in the passage to demonstrate
(A) the advantages of specialization
(B) the type of food that larvae are fed
(C) the ways ant colonies train their young for adult tasks
(D) the different stages of ant development
7. The author uses the word Hence in line 16 to indicate
(A) a logical conclusion
(B) the next step in a senes of steps
(C) a reason for further study
(D) the relationship among ants
8. All of the following terms art defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) eusocial (line 3)
(B) series-parallel sequence (line 13)
(C) caste (line 19)
(D) predators (line 23)
9. The word they in line 25 refers to
(A) termites
(B) ants
(C) places
(D) predators
10. It can be inferred from the passage that one main difference between termites and ants is
that termites
(A) live above ground
(B) are eusocial
(C) protect their nests
(D) eat almost no animal substances
PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACAD
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